What is the role of government? What is the Christian’s relationship to the governments of the world? Whenever questions about government are discussed, the conversation usually (and rightfully) revolves around key New Testament scriptures (such as Rom. 13.1-7; 1 Pet. 2.17; 1 Tim. 2.1-2, among others). It is, however, of vital importance not to neglect what the Old Testament says about human governments. The New Testament authors were joining an ongoing discussion about the role and destiny of human governments; a discussion which revolved around the Old Testament scriptures. Understanding what the Old Testament teaches about government is essential for the Bible student to rightly divide the New Testament scriptures.

Below is a brief summary of what the Old Testament teaches about human governments. I have written more extensively on each of these topics. If you are interested in a deeper study, check out the hyperlinks I have included throughout this article.

God is Sovereign, Not Man

God has always intended that man should live under law – His law. As the Creator of mankind, He knows what is best for His creation and He has the right to command them. He did, however, create man in His image, and delegated to man the authority to govern His creation.

God blessed them; and God said to them, “Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the hearth, and subdue it; and rule over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the sky and over every living thing that moves on the earth.” – Genesis 1.28

Notice that God did not give man the authority to govern other men. Just a few verses later we read that “The Lord God commanded the man” (Gen 2.16). While man was given the authority to rule over creation, the right to rule over man remained with God alone. From the beginning, there has only been one lawgiver.

1. God holds all authority. In the beginning He delegated to man the authority to rule over his creation, but reserved the right to rule over other men to himself. People had no right to rule over other people.

The Origins of Human Governments

Adam and Eve were the first humans to attempt to live independently of God’s authority, and mankind’s rebellion continued to increase until God destroyed the earth with a flood. Yet there is no mention of any authoritative organized effort at human self-government established until after the flood. In the absence of God creating any other governing body, it can be understood that all rightful governing authority remained with God alone.

We are never told which nation of people were the first to organize a human government, but we can be certain that human government did not originate with Israel. For one thing, we know of multiple human governments that preexisted Israel (Babel, Egypt, etc. ). For another thing, Israel did not begin as a human government. Israel was created as a manifestation of God’s government. Moses was not Israel’s lawmaker; he was their lawgiver. The body of laws which governed the nation of Israel came straight from the hand of God. God is the only rightful lawmaker.

Sometimes people point to the laws of Israel as a precedent for human governments today, but God eventually took the Jewish national government out of the way and replaced it with His more perfect kingdom – the church which was established by Jesus. Therefore we can know that modern human governments have their origin in ancient Gentile governments, not in the government that was given to Israel. The modern manifestation of God’s government for Israel is to be found in the church, not in any earthly government.

2. The nation of Israel did not have a human government. Their laws were given directly from God, thus Israel’s government was a manifestation of God’s government.
3. Efforts of organized self-government originated among Gentile nations.

The first mention of an organized effort of self-government is found as we are introduced to the Kingdom of Nimrod at Babel (Gen. 10.10). The account of the rebellion of Babel is given to us as the event through which the Gentile nations were scattered across the earth. From Genesis 10-11 we learn that the Gentile nations were formed out of an attitude of rebellion and a desire for self-government. This rebellion and self-government provides a stark contrast to the submission and faithfulness of Abraham, who was called to separate from his country and his people (Gen 12).

4. The Gentile nations were formed out of man’s desire to self-govern. God recognizes these nations and their efforts at self-government as rebellion against His authority.

The Relationship of God’s People to Gentile Nations

The nation of Israel was continually instructed to remain separate, and not to make any alliance with the Gentile nations (Deut. 7.2-3). They were to completely destroy all the Gentile nations that previously occupied their land. This separation was important not because of racial differences, but because of differences in authority. This is known because God often spared the life of Gentiles who would forsake their own people and their own governments and turn and submit themselves to God’s government. Whenever Israel maintained their separation from the Gentile nations they were blessed. Whenever they mixed with or made alliances with these Gentile nations they suffered.  One of the key reasons Israel was taken into captivity was because they made alliances with human governments for protection rather than turning to God. (Isaiah 30.1-5; 31.1-3)

5. Israel was to maintain separation and refrain from making alliances with the human governments which surrounded them.

Israel was also to refrain from imitating the governments of the nations which surrounded them. In 1 Samuel 8, the people of Israel demanded a human king so that they could be “like the nations.” Again, this shows that up to this point, one of the key differences between Israel and the Gentile nations was the absence of a human king. When Israel requested a form of government like that of the Gentile nations, God saw this as a rejection of His rightful kingship.

6. Israel was not to imitate the human governments which they saw in the gentile nations. When they did ask for a king, God viewed this as a rejection of His kingship over them.

God’s Purposes for Human Governments

When Israel demanded a king, God gave them what they asked. He ordained for them to have a king, but he was never pleased with their request. In giving them what they had asked for, God also gave them the consequences of their request (1 Sam. 8.10-22). For the rest of Israel’s history (with few exceptions), Israel’s kings continually led Israel farther and farther from God, until Israel was taken into captivity.

I gave you a king in My anger
And took him away in My wrath. – Hosea 13.11

7. God gave Israel a human king as a punishment for their rejection of His kingship.

Although God never approved of human self-government, He did rule over these wicked gentile governments to accomplish His purposes. He often referred to these nations and their kings as the “Rod of My [God’s] anger” or a tool in His hand, such as an ax, saw, club or rod (Isa. 10.5-15); His “servant” (Jer. 25.8-14); His shepherd and His anointed (Isa. 44.28-45.7). Reading through all of Jeremiah 50-55 makes it clear that as Nebuchadnezzar and Babylon were marching forth and destroying nations that it was God who was sending them, and it was God who was using them to accomplish His purposes. Although God never approved of these wicked nations, He did ordain them as His ministers to execute His wrath on those who had rebelled against Him.

At times God overruled wicked human governments to bless His children. Cyrus, King of the Persians, was a pagan ruler who knew not God, yet God used Him as His servant to bless His children. Yet even in these times when human kings ruled in favor of God’s people, God’s servants were still to refrain from making alliances with them or trusting in them as their saviors.

8. Throughout the Old Testament, God overruled the rebellion of the Gentile nations so as to use them as His ministers to execute His wrath on evildoers and to bless His children. This does not mean that God in any way approved of the wicked things which they did, but rather we are assured that God remains in control in spite of their wickedness.

The Destiny of Human Governments

One of the major themes of the book of Daniel is the future destruction of the human governments of this world. (This theme can also be seen in several of the Psalms, such as Psalm 2). Through the prophet Daniel, we are told that ultimately the human kingdoms of this world will be crushed in pieces and destroyed (Dan. 2.44).

9. All human governments are destined to ultimately be destroyed.

The Destiny of God’s Government

In contrast to this future destiny of the kingdoms of this world, Daniel foretells of the coming of the “Son of Man” and the establishment of God’s kingdom as a kingdom which will never be destroyed and will never be left to another people. The government of God and the governments of man were to be antagonistic rivals of one another in a conflict that will never end until all the enemies of God are crushed under His feet.

Then the sovereignty, the dominion and the greatness of all the kingdoms under the whole heaven will be given to the people of the saints of the Highest One; His kingdom will be an everlasting kingdom, and all the dominions will serve and obey Him. – Daniel 7.27

10. God’s kingdom will be established. It will remain in conflict with the human governments of this world until those governments are destroyed.

The People of God in the First Century

By the time the first century rolled around, the Jewish people viewed the Old Testament scriptures as a story that had not yet reached its end. The governments of this world were to be destroyed, but currently the Romans remained in control as the new Babylon. The Messiah would surely come soon, and God’s government would surely be established (Isa. 9.6-7).

With the Old Testament scriptures projecting this conflict between the kingdom of God and the kingdoms of the world on into the future, the Christian can now read the New Testament and gain a better understanding of the nature of His Kingdom, the Christian’s relationship to the governments of this world, and the final destiny of those kingdoms.

Hezekiah Runs Out of Options

King Hezekiah faced a serious problem. The Assyrians had the most powerful military in the world and their power was growing. Conquering Israel was the next item on their agenda. The Assyrians didn’t just conquer their enemies – they waged a psychological warfare by torturing their victims. They were known for skinning people alive, ripping out intestines, and cutting off the testicles of those whom they captured. Their gruesome methods of war were designed to spread terror among anyone who might dare to oppose them and thus encourage them to submit to the power of the Assyrians without resistance. We could refer to them as one of the world’s first terrorist organizations.

As would be expected, the people of Israel took notice. All eyes were on King Hezekiah. What would King Hezekiah do to keep his people safe from this impending threat?

Hezekiah basically had two options in front of him. The first option would be to simply submit to the Assyrians. He could wave the white flag and welcome them in with a handshake and an alliance. Hezekiah’s father, Ahaz, had used this strategy to keep the peace with Assyria (2 Kings 16 and 2 Chron. 28). This first option had kept Israel safe for the time being, but it had resulted in very high tributes that had to be paid to the Assyrians. And even still, it failed to eliminate their ever growing threat. Initially, Hezekiah tried this strategy as well (2 Kings 18:14-16). But it soon became clear that option one was a failure. Assyria wanted blood.

So Hezekiah then looked to option two. Fight. If paying heavy tribute was not enough to keep the peace, Hezekiah could turn to the second most powerful military in the world, the Egyptians, and make a military alliance with them. Perhaps the Israelites and the Egyptians together would be able to fight off the Assyrian threat. Yet when push came to shove, Egypt let Israel down and proved to be a most disappointing ally.

Isaiah’s Wartime Message

It was during this time that Isaiah lived and preached his message of nonviolence. Isaiah’s continual rebuke of Israel’s trust in military power, chariots, horses, weapons, and human governments is a major theme throughout his message. Isaiah 1-39 addresses the basic question of “How should Israel respond faithfully to God in light of Assyria’s growing threat?”

Consider a few of these highlights from Isaiah’s message:

He rebuked Israel for depending on their own resources and their own strength. Their plan included filling the valley with chariots, tearing down the houses in Jerusalem to fortify their walls, all while depending on the pools of water within the city to sustain them, but they did not depend on Him who made the pools.

For the Lord GOD of hosts has a day of panic, subjugation and confusion
In the valley of vision,
A breaking down of walls
And a crying to the mountain.
Elam took up the quiver
With chariots, infantry and horsemen;
And Kir uncovered the shield.
Then your choicest valleys were full of chariots,
And the horsemen took up fixed positions at the gate.
And he removed the defense of Judah.
In that day you depended on the weapons of the house of the forest,
And you saw that the breaches
In the wall of the city of David were many;
And you collected the waters of the lower pool.
Then you counted the houses of Jerusalem
And tore down the houses to fortify your wall.
And you made a reservoir between the two walls
For the waters of the old pool.
But you did not depend on Him who made it,
Nor did you take into consideration Him who planned it long ago. – Isaiah 22.5-11

He rebuked Israel for trusting in the intervention of Egypt rather than trusting in God. According to Isaiah, to misplace our faith is to sin, and it will only bring shame and humiliation.

“Woe to the rebellious children,” declares the LORD,
“Who execute a plan, but not Mine,
And make an alliance, but not of My Spirit,
In order to add sin to sin;
Who proceed down to Egypt
Without consulting Me,
To take refuge in the safety of Pharoah
And to seek shelter in the shadow of Egypt!
Therefore the safety of Pharaoh will be your shame
And the shelter in the shadow of Egypt, your humiliation.” – Isaiah 30.1-3

Again, Isaiah pronounced woe on those who would “go down” to rely on Egypt. Turning to military protection was faithless, foolish, and needless.

Woe to those who go down to Egypt for help
And rely on horses,
And trust in chariots because they are many
And in strong horsemen because they are very strong,
But do not look to the Holy One of Israel, nor seek the LORD!
Yet He also is wise and will bring disaster,
And does not retract His words,
But will arise against the house of evildoers
And against the help of the workers of iniquity.
Now the Egyptians are men and not God,
And their horses are flesh and not spirit;
So the LORD will stretch out His hand,
And he who helps will stumble
And he who is helped will fall,
And all of them will come to an end together.

For thus says the LORD to me,
“As the lion or the young lion growls over his prey,
Against which a band of shepherds is called out,
And he will not be terrified at their voice nor disturbed at their noise,
So will the LORD of hosts come down to wage war on Mount Zion and on its hill.”
Like flying birds so the LORD of hosts will protect Jerusalem.
He will protect it and deliver it;
He will pass over and rescue it.” – Isaiah 31.1-5

With the two options lying before Hezekiah, Isaiah continually rebukes Israel for misplaced trust. King Ahaz showed a lack of trust by giving into the demands of the Assyrians. King Hezekiah showed a lack of trust by trusting in the military strength of Egypt.

A Third Option

What would Isaiah have Israel to do then? What option is left? Should Israel just stand by and do nothing, and watch their people suffer, all while holding tight to a naïve ideal of pacifism?

Isaiah’s non-violent message was not popular among those who were infatuated with thinking only of “realistic” options. But Isaiah’s suggested strategy was clear: Trust in God.

After seeing that all other options were doomed to fail, Hezekiah finally did what he should have done in the first place. He prayed:

O LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, who is enthroned above the cherubim, You are the God, You alone, of all the kingdoms of the earth. You have made heaven and earth… Now, O LORD our God, deliver us from his hand that all the kingdoms of the earth may know that You alone, LORD, are God. – Isaiah 37.16, 20

Immediately, Isaiah’s prayer was answered. God sent the angel of the LORD who went out and struck down 185,000 in the camp of the Assyrians. Those who were left fled home to Assyria. Israel never had to draw a sword. God protected His people.

Although Isaiah believed that Israel’s military hopes would ultimately fail in bringing peace, he did not teach a “do nothing” strategy, nor did he teach that they should just let the innocent suffer while sitting by passively. Far from it. Israel was not expected to just waive the white flag, all while “trusting in God.”

On the other hand, when Isaiah taught Israel to “trust in God”, this was NOT a shorthand way of saying “use whatever strategy seems best to you, because if you trust in God while you do it you will be blessed.” To execute their own plan of alliance with Egypt while claiming to “trust in God” was condemned as sinful.

According to Isaiah, trusting in God meant faithfully executing His plans. Isaiah expected Israel to trust in the actions which God had commanded them to take.

So Hezekiah faithfully took action. He hit his knees in prayer. As a result, the Assyrians were slaughtered. The innocent were protected. Isaiah believed that safety and peace would come, not from the sword of man, but from the wrath of God.

“Vengeance is mine, I will repay” says the Lord.- Romans 12.19

God protects his people with His might, not theirs.

Peace Perfect Peace

There were times in Israel’s history, such as in the conquest of the Promised Land, when God divinely sanctioned a limited degree of warfare by which he drove out the wicked, violence-loving nations that previously occupied the land. But by Isaiah’s day, Israel had morphed into a war-loving nation that was similar to those which were originally driven out. They had lost sight of the God who created the world, who had defeated the Egyptians in the Red Sea, and who continually showed Himself faithful to those who trusted in Him. Peace, perfect peace, can only come by keeping our minds firmly set on the divine protection that only God can bring.

God’s people had two options before them, but the real options were not choosing between “making an alliance” or “fighting”. The real choice was between trusting in man or trusting in God. Trust cannot be placed in both. The two options are antagonistic towards one another. Yet in light of this choice, we are given a promise:

“The steadfast mind You will keep in perfect peace,
Because He trusts in you.” – Isaiah 26.2

If the right choice is made the result will be peace. Perfect peace.

Both Ezra and Nehemiah faced great danger on their long trips to Judah (Ezra traveling from Babylon, and Nehemiah traveling from Susa). Both Ezra and Nehemiah were offered military protection from the king. Yet despite very similar situations, and despite both men having faith in God for their protection, Ezra and Nehemiah responded differently to the prospect of military protection on their journey.

Nehemiah was guarded by an army escort as he traveled (Neh. 2.9). Thirteen years earlier, Ezra refused to ask for such an escort, choosing rather to place his faith in God (Ezra 8.22). By examining these texts it can be seen that both attitudes can be defended as faithful. It can also be seen that while Ezra and Nehemiah both had different opinions about whether or not to accept military protection, both Ezra and Nehemiah fully understood that their protection came from the hand of God, not from the hand of the king.

The Faith of Ezra

As Ezra prepared to lead a group of Jews back to Jerusalem, he first directed the group to pray together for a safe journey.

Then I proclaimed a fast there at the river of Ahava, that we might humble ourselves before our God to seek from Him a safe journey for us, our little ones, and all our possessions. For I was ashamed to request from the king troops and horsemen to protect us from the enemy on the way, because we had said to the king, “The hand of our God is favorably disposed to all those who seek Him, but His power and anger are against all those who forsake Him.” So we fasted and sought our God concerning this matter, and He listened to our entreaty. – Ezra 8.21-23

Ezra refused to ask for help from the Persian army. He did not refuse their help because he was in any way naive about the reality of the dangers they would soon be facing. He understood that they would likely be threatened by thieves and their children and their possessions would be in danger.

His reason for refusing military protection is because he was “ashamed” to request their help. Ezra had continually announced that God would protect them on their journey. To publicly place so much confidence in God, and then turn around and ask for protection from a pagan military force would have likely appeared to others that Ezra really didn’t have the confidence in God He had so often preached. Ezra was a man with deep faith and dependence on God.

The Faith of Nehemiah

About thirteen years later, Nehemiah would see the matter differently. After hearing the disturbing news that Jerusalem’s walls had been broken down, and its gates and been burned with fire, Nehemiah, the king’s cupbearer, spent time fasting and praying (Neh. 1.3-11). After King Artaxerxes asked Nehemiah about the reasons for his grief, the king granted Nehemiah permission to return to Jerusalem to rebuild the city walls.

So it pleased the king to send me, and I gave him a definite time. And I said to the king, “If it please the king, let letters be given me for the governors of the provinces beyond the River, that they may allow me to pass through until I come to Judah, and a letter to Asaph the keeper of the kings’ forest, that he may give me timber to make beams for the gates of the fortress which is by the temple, for the wall of the city and for the house to which I will go.” And the king granted them to me because the good hand of my God was on me.

Then I came to the governors of the provinces beyond the River and gave them the king’s letters. Now the king had sent with me officers of the army and horsemen. – Nehemiah 2.6b-9

Nehemiah asked for the support of the king on his journey and was granted that request. Yet Nehemiah understood that God was the one deserved credit for his protection. He understood that the opportunity to return and the safety he would be assured on his journey was because “the good hand of my God was on me.”

Artaxerxes was a pagan king who did not know God. He would have had his own reasons for approving Nehemiah’s journey and using his military to ensure Nehemiah’s safety. But regardless of Artaxerxes’ reasons, Nehemiah understood that God was in charge. If Nehemiah was enjoying the favor and protection of the king, it was because God had allowed it to be so. Like Ezra, Nehemiah was also a man of deep faith and dependence on God.

Lessons We Can Learn

1. God can protect His people by using pagan kings and their armies as His ministers

All throughout the Scriptures we read of God using pagan kings as His ministers to accomplish His will for the good of His children. God used Assyria as His rod (Is. 10.5-7), Nebuchadnezzar as His servant (Jer. 25.8-10), and Cyrus as His shepherd (Is. 44.28-45.6). God used Nero, and continues to use all governing authorities as His ministers (Rom. 13.1-6). This is true in spite of the fact that these were pagan rulers, who did not know God, nor submitted to Him willingly. (I’ve written more extensively on this here.)

Like Nehemiah, we must recognize that God is in charge.

“It is He who changes the times and the epochs;
He removes kings and establishes kings;
He gives wisdom to wise men
And knowledge to men of understanding” – Daniel 2.21

We need to understand, like Nehemiah did, that when pagan kings and their armies act in the best interest of God’s people, they are doing so as ministers of God. God ultimately deserves the credit for the protection they offer. We must recognize their favor and protection as “The hand of God upon us”.

2. God’s people are not obligated to seek pagan protection or help

Christians are obligated to pray for kings and for those in authority (1 Tim. 2.1-2), but nothing in scripture indicates that we are obligated to actively seek out the help and protection of pagan kings and their armies. Ezra refused to seek the king’s protection as an act of faith and dependence on God, and he was protected in response to this act of faith, indicating that God was pleased with Ezra’s request for protection.

It is important to realize, like Ezra did, that God does not need the help of kings or armies to protect his people. One of the greatest examples of this was when Israel was trapped between the army of the Egyptians and the Red Sea (Ex. 14-15). God miraculously divided the waters and saved His children, and single handedly destroyed the horses and chariots of the Egyptians. He won this victory without the help of a single sword, or a single fighting man. God won the victory and protected His people all by Himself.

There are many other examples given in scripture of God fighting in this same way, such as in 2 Chronicles 20, when Ammonites and Moabites were defeated and Israel did not even have to fight, or in 2 Chronicles 32 when the armies of Sennacherib were defeated in a very similar way.

In the New Testament, the church faced great opposition and persecution, and yet they continued to grow rapidly during a time when pagan kings and their armies were opposed to their growth. Perhaps the greatest example of God’s victory being won without the help of armies would be the resurrection of Jesus. His resurrection from the dead is the ultimate sign that God’s children do not need the protection of armies to gain life. Those who are faithful to God will gain eternal life, even when their life is taken.

Ezra understood that those who faithfully trust and obey God are those who will win.

The king is not saved by a mighty army;
A warrior is not delivered by great strength.
A horse is a false hope for victory;
Nor does it deliver anyone by its great strength. – Ps. 33.16-17

3. We must not shame those who choose to solely trust in God

The reason Ezra gave for refusing the protection of armed forces was that of shame. He was “ashamed” to ask for their help, because he had publicly declared his faith and confidence in the protection of God. Ezra had bragged on God, and this was an opportunity to show the protection and providence of the LORD.

When Christians refuse to bear arms, refuse to call the police, or refuse to seek government protection, they must not be shamed. Regardless of whether we agree with them or not, they are choosing to trust in God for their protection. To shame those who refuse outside help is to shame the them for relying on God. To shame those who rely on God is to shame the help and providence of God. We must not berate them as naive or foolish. Rather we should join in prayer and fasting for them, trusting that God can and will give His disciples the victory with or without outside help.

4. What matters more than government help is God’s help

Both Ezra and Nehemiah acted in faith, and both of their decisions were defensible. Even though Nehemiah viewed military protection as a blessing from God, he ultimately gave God the credit for His protection.  But both Ezra and Nehemiah agreed that what God’s people need is God’s support. Whatever task we are seeking to accomplish, we need the help of God on our side more than we need the help of man. Neither Ezra nor Nehemiah took matters into their own hands. Neither placed their trust in chariots or horses. Neither placed their faith in the protection that only man can provide. Both understood that God would be the one who would protect them if they were faithful to Him.

Christians may differ on the extent to which it is appropriate to ask for government support or protection, and that’s okay (Rom. 14.6), but we must never place our trust in man rather than in God.  As we pass through enemy territory, we must remember that without the help and favor of God, we have nothing. Far more important than gaining the favor and protection of the king is gaining the favor and protection of the King of Kings. If we will seek His protection, we will surely be able to say, as Ezra said, “He listened to our entreaty.”

No news stories capture the attention of the world like the news of a new leader coming to power. When those who are perceived to be the “right” leaders are in power, they are exalted as great sources of hope and confidence. When the “wrong” leaders are in power, they continually derided as a major cause for anxiety and concern. (Of course, which leaders are “right” and which ones are “wrong” depends on who we choose to listen to). With these worldly fears, hopes and anxieties being continually preached to us by social media and the 24 hours news cycle, Christians need to regularly remind ourselves why we should abstain from looking to princes for our confidence (see Psalm 118.8-9).

One way to fortify ourselves against these temptations is to remember that the Bible teaches that America and all other nations will come to an end. Keeping the destiny of these earthly kingdoms in mind can help to keep the continual flood of worldly concerns in perspective.

The Destiny of the Nations Foretold in the Old Testament

Nebuchadnezzar was the king of the most powerful nation on earth. In the second year of his reign, the king had a troubling dream. He dreamed of a large statue of a man. Its head was made of gold, its breast and arms of silver, its belly and its thighs were of bronze, its legs were made of iron, and its feet were made of a mixture of clay and iron. This great statue was then destroyed by a stone which was cut out without hands. After being given the dream and its interpretation from God, Daniel then explained the vision to the king.

You, O king, are the king of kings, to whom the God of heaven has given the kingdom, the power, the strength and the glory; and wherever the sons of men dwell, or the beasts of the field, or the birds of the sky, He has given them into your hand and has caused you to rule over them all. You are the head of gold. After you there will arise another kingdom inferior to you, then another third kingdom of bronze, which will rule over all the earth. Then there will be a fourth kingdom as strong as iron; inasmuch as iron crushes and shatters all things, so, like iron that breaks in pieces, it will crush and break all these in pieces. In that you saw the feet and toes, partly of potter’s clay and partly of iron, it will be a divided kingdom; but it will have in it the toughness of iron, inasmuch as you saw the iron mixed with common clay. As the toes of the feet were partly of iron and partly of pottery, so some of the kingdom will be strong and part of it will be brittle. And in that you saw the iron mixed with common clay, they will combine with one another in the seed of men; but they will not adhere to one another, even as iron does not combine with pottery. – Daniel 2.36-43

Daniel identifies the image as representing four kingdoms which would rise and fall. It is known that  first one, the head of gold, represents Babylon. As history later confirms, the next three kingdoms would be the Medo-Persian empire, represented by the chest and arms of silver; the Grecian empire, represented by the belly and thighs and bronze; and the Roman empire, represented by the legs of iron and the feet mixed with iron and clay. Daniel then describes the events which would happen during the days of the Roman empire.

In the days of those kings the God of heaven will set up a kingdom which will never be destroyed, and that kingdom will not be left for another people; it will crush and put an end to all these kingdoms, but it will itself endure forever. Inasmuch as you saw that a stone was cut out of the mountain without hands and that it crushed the iron, the bronze, the clay, the silver and the gold, the great God has made known to the king what will take place in the future; so the dream is true and its interpretation is trustworthy.  – Daniel 2.44-45

The stone cut without hands represents the kingdom of God. The lesson taught in Daniel 2 is that human governments (even the most powerful of all human governments) will ultimately be destroyed. Each kingdom, in its destruction, would be left to another people, with all of its strength, power and riches left to the destroyer. Ultimately, the last kingdom would be destroyed by God, and God’s kingdom would stand victoriously. The same common destruction awaited every kingdom of man. God’s kingdom would break in pieces and crush every last piece of the kingdoms of men.

The Destiny of the Nations Foretold in the New Testament

The New Testament likewise foretells the same destiny for all human governments throughout all times. As a result of the death, burial, resurrection of Jesus, God has now:

Seated Him at His right hand in the heavenly places, far above all rule and authority and power and dominion, and every name that is named, not only in this age but also in the one to come.  And He has put all things in subjection under His feet, and gave Him as Head over all thing to the church. – Ephesians 1:20-22

In other words, Jesus currently has authority over all the nations on earth.

Yet in spite of the rule of King Jesus, the nations continue to rage and to plot in vain against His authority. They, through the power of death and the fear of death, continue to exercise their tyranny. As Paul looks forward to the return of King Jesus on the resurrection day, when the victory over death is finished, he refers to the destiny that awaits all of the competing authorities who are currently attempting to rule the earth according to their own desires.

Then comes the end, when He hands over the kingdom to the God and Father, when He has abolished all rule and all authority and power . For He must reign until He has put all His enemies under His feet. The last enemy that will be abolished is death. – 1 Corinthians 15.24-26

Jesus now reigns as king, and He will continue his reign as king until every last one of his enemies is destroyed. Listed among his enemies are the rulers, authorities, and powers in this world. Once death is no more, the tyrants who have depended on the fear of death to gain their power will have lost their one and only weapon. All earthly governments will ultimately be destroyed.

John’s revelation also foresees the same ultimate destiny for the nations of earth.

He who overcomes, and he who keeps My deeds until the end, “To him I will give  authority over the nations; and he will rule them with a rod of iron, as the vessels of the potter are broken in pieces,” as I also have received authority from My Father. – Revelation 2:26-27

From His mouth comes a sharp sword, so that with it He may strike down the nations, and He will rule them with a rod of iron; and He treads the wine press of the fierce wrath of God, the Almighty. And on His robe and on His thigh He has a name written, “King of Kings, and Lord of Lords.” – Revelation 19.15-16

Both the Old and the New Testaments are clear. The destiny of every human government the world has ever known is to be completely and totally destroyed.

What This Means for Us

1. We have no reason to fear.

In contrast to the kingdoms of the world, Christians enjoy citizenship in a kingdom which will never be destroyed. Even though the tyrants of this world may enjoy temporary power to do horrible things, we know that our victory has been secured.

Then the sovereignty, the dominion and the greatness of all the kingdoms under the whole heaven will be given to the people of the saints of the Highest One; His kingdom will be an everlasting kingdom, and all dominions will serve and obey Him. – Daniel 7.27

2. Remember that “the Lord has a controversy with the nations”

When we see evil in high places, we need to remember that God sees it too. He sees it, and He will be victorious over it.

“A clamor has come to the end of the earth,
Because the LORD has a controversy with the nations.
He is entering into judgment with all flesh;
As for the wicked, He has given them to the sword,” declares the LORD. – Jeremiah 25.31-32

3. Do not place your trust in princes.

When we remember that God’s kingdom will be victorious, and that He has a controversy with the nations of the earth, and will ultimately crush them in pieces and destroy them, why would we ever want to look to the princes of this world for our confidence? Ultimately, America (and all the other nations of earth) will be destroyed, regardless of who is elected to power, and regardless of how wicked those rulers may be. If we place our hope in the politics of this world, we will be sorely disappointed. No matter how much “hope” the world may promise, we must remember that we have a greater hope, a greater confidence, and a greater future.

It is better to take refuge in the LORD
Than to trust in man.
It is better to take refuge in the LORD
Than to trust in princes. – Psalm 118.8-9

During the period of the judges, the people had grown increasingly corrupt, where “every man did what was right in his own eyes” (Judg. 17.6). Rather than submitting to God in repentance, Israel demanded “a king to judge us like all the nations” (1 Sam. 8.6).

Even though God would ultimately be the one who would appoint and ordain Israel’s king, God responded to their request by warning them that their request was an act of rebellion against God and His government.

The LORD said to Samuel, “Listen to the voice of the people in regard to all that they say to you, for they have not rejected you, but they have rejected Me from being king over them. – 1 Samuel 8.7

In the verses which follow, Samuel gives Israel a description of what a human government would do for the people. In so doing, God gives a clear description of what human governments do for all people.

Human Governments Oppress

Samuel warned the people that with a king,

1. War would become a way of life.

He will take your sons and place them for himself in his chariots and among his horsemen, and they will run before his chariots. – 1 Samuel 8.11

2. The king would then use this army for his own enrichment.

He will appoint for himself commanders of thousands and of fifties, and some to do his plowing and to reap his harvest and to make his weapons of war and equipment for his chariots. He will also take your daughters for perfumers and cooks and bakers. – 1 Samuel 8.12-13

In making their request for a king, the people were hoping that the king would rule for their benefit. They had hoped that the king would provide safety, justice, and a well-ordered society. In reality, God warned that the king would rule for his own enrichment.

3. This enrichment would come at the expense of the people.

He will take the best of your fields and your vineyards and your olive groves and give them to his servants. He will take a tenth of your seed and of your vineyards and give to his officers and to his servants. He will also take your male servants and your female servants and your young men and your donkeys and use them for his work. He will take a tenth of your flocks – 1 Samuel 8.14-17

Rather than providing more justice, their human government would actually use their power to remove justice. Property would be taken. The fruits of their labor would be used to pay for political favors. The king would steal the possessions of others in order to increase his own power and influence over the people.

4. The people would become slaves

You yourselves will become his servants. Then you will cry out in that day because of your king whom you have chosen for yourselves, but the LORD will not answer you in that day. – 1 Samuel 8.17-18

Every human government uses the resources, the time, and the labor of their subjects resulting in the enrichment of those in power. Since human governments are not themselves producers, everything they have must be taken from others. This is the same with every form of human government ever invented; even in democratic and socialistic forms of government. In democracies, the people choose between two or three potential rulers who, in turn, take the resources of their subjects to accomplish their goals.  In socialistic forms of government the rulers may hide behind of veil of doing good works for the people, but in reality, it is the ruling class that is enriched at the expense of the people. Every socialistic “gift” which is promised must first be stolen from someone else, and those gifts are distributed only in ways that continue to ensure the continued power of the rulers. To have a human government is to have oppression and servitude.

This is the key point of difference between God’s government and human government. God rules for the benefit of His people, while humans rule for their own benefit at the expense of the people.  Jesus himself pointed to this difference when He said:

 You know that the rulers of the Gentiles lord it over them, and their great men exercise authority over them. It is not this way among you, but whoever wishes to become great among you shall be your servant. – Matthew 20.25-26

God Will Give People What They Ask For

Samuel taught the people that to ask for a king was, in reality, a rejection of the rule of God (1 Sam. 8.7). But we also see that God will sometimes give people what they ask for, even if what they are requesting is in rebellion to God.

In spite of being warned what a human king would do for the people. They continued in their insistence:

No, but there shall be a king over us, that we also may be like all the nations, that our king may judge us and go out before us and fight our battles. – 1 Samuel 8.19-20

To which the Lord responded:

Listen to their voice and appoint them a king.- 1 Samuel 8.22

God ordained a king for Israel, not because He thought it would be best for them to ensure justice and safety, but to punish them. In the years that followed, the kings of Israel continued to lead Israel deeper and deeper in to sin and idolatry, ushering in continual warfare and poverty.

Years later, in looking back on this foolish request, Hosea would write:

It is your destruction, O Israel,
That you are against Me, against your help.
Where now is your king
That he may save you in all your cities,
And your judges of whom you requested,
“Give me a king and princes”?
I gave you a king in My anger
And took him away in my wrath. – Hosea 13:9-11 (Emphasis added)

Israel had provoked God’s anger. In response, God ordained for them a human government in his wrath. In ordaining a human government, God also ordained the warfare, theft, and servitude that would accompany such a “gift.”

Not every institution ordained of God is good. God never approved of their request, but He gave them what they had asked for.  As long as men reject God’s rule, God ordains that they will be ruled by governments and will suffer the consequences of their rejection of God.